The History of Special Education in the Twentith Century...

The History of Special Education in the Twentith Century During the twentieth century, drastic changes were made to vastly improve the special education system to ensure that all students, regardless of their ability, were given equal rights according to the Constitution of the United States. During early colonial America, schooling was not mandatory and it was primarily given to the wealthy Anglo-Saxon children (Carlson, p230). Children were mainly taught in the home or in a single room schoolhouse. Therefore, children of limited mental capability were not likely to be schooled. Also, in a non-graded schoolhouse, children of differing abilities did not pose problems. With the beginning of mandatory education in 1852†¦show more content†¦In these special classrooms, a specially trained teacher would provide the instruction. As ideal as this might sound, it is hardly what did occur. The optimism of the educators to successfully teach the disabled students faded during the 1930s and the 1940s. Special education classes were hel d under horrible conditions. The rooms were insufficient, with limited resources, the teachers were poorly trained and the curriculum was inadequate. Schools also often classified students as having disabilities when they did not. Additionally, students were often labeled with one type disability when they had another. This practice (misclassification) (Turnbull et al p16) was a common discrimination in American schools. One might wonder why the conditions were so deplorable. Why were the teachers so terribly unqualified? It appears that the common perception of the disabled students was like that of Quasimodo, in Victor Hugos The Hunchback of Notre Dame. They were misunderstood, and considered to be monstrous--something to be hidden away, shunned and rejected by normal people. The publics attitude with disabled children was one of fear, as if the disability was somehow contagious. They were looked upon as crazy people. This general outlook set the standard for educating s tudents with special needs. They were classified as inferior, so why should the school system bother to work with the retards? The mind-set was that these students

Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening - 1415 Words

Every thirteen minutes, there is a life lost in the United States due to suicide. This killer that accounts for over 38,000 deaths per year is often triggered by feelings of helplessness and the inability to cope (Suicide Facts). Many people who suffer from feelings of self-despair mistakenly believe that ending their lives is the antidote to their pain. Robert Frost’s poems, â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening,† â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† each have distinct moods and messages, but they converge on a common theme. While many readers may have difficulty interpreting the gloomy, hopeless poems, the main message of each is the personal anguish and despair felt by the speakers and the way the narrators cope with their thoughts of suicide. Through these poems, Frost sheds insight into the complicated minds of those who feel pain so intensely they contemplate taking their lives and he gives readers an important message through his works. In the poem â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening,† the narrator stops in the woods to contemplate his life. The woods are described as â€Å"lovely, dark and deep† (â€Å"Stopping† pg. 1300). These words give the poem both a peaceful and mysterious feeling, much like the idea of death. The speaker describes the night as â€Å"The darkest evening of the year† (â€Å"Stopping† 1300) which alludes to his feelings of despair and pain. Frost uses the key word â€Å"sleep† to refer to death (â€Å"Stopping† 1300). The speaker believes death will beShow MoreRelatedStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening904 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† is a poem written by Robert Frost in 1923. In order for us to understand the message that the author is trying to depict in this poem, we must use â€Å"the drill† method. The drill method consist of analyzing the poem for devices of soun d and figures of speech. The drill method is used to unravel the distilled content within the artwork. The devices of sound are resources that poets utilize in their art to project and reiterate the meaning or the experience ofRead MoreStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening600 Words   |  3 PagesRobert Frost’s â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† is a poem that gives off different feelings the more times one re-reads it. At a first glance, it seems like a simple momentary encounter for the speaker with beautiful Mother Nature, who stops to enjoy it before returning to the long journey that awaits him. However, with the second read, as one thinks more deeply, it becomes clear that the poem is actually illustrating the speaker’s journey through life. The unforeseen stopping depicts a pointRead MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening1556 Words   |  7 Pagesis present in Frost’s poem, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,† from the 1928 collection, West-Running Brook. Here, Frost creates a good example of a Rubaiyat stanza that is br oken into four sections totaling sixteen lines. From the moment we meet the narrator, we are aware that his persona is suspicious, from his inspections of the winter surrounding, to the focus on his odd behavior and the final reminder of a plan. What â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† deeply concerns is found inRead MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening847 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeling all of the emotions portrayed by the speaker? In the poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, written by Robert Frost in 1923, you receive that exact feeling. The poem is about a man stopping to admire the beauty that are the woods on a snowy night on his way to complete his task. This poem had many parts that could be well analyzed, which was surprising for how short the poem truly was. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† had many literary terms including the structure of the stanzasRead MoreStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1900 Words   |  8 Pagescan arrange what they want to say in several different ways. A wonderful collection of poetry which is more than capable of helping you achieve this is, â€Å"A Sense of Place.† Among these poems the focus will be entirely placed on â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost. He was born on March 17th in 1874 San Francisco, California. Frost’s mother was of Scottish descent and his father’s origin was English. This particular poem of his was written in 1922 when Frost was at the age ofRead More Stopping by woods on a snowy evening Essay2229 Words   |  9 Pagesincluded. quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningquot; Complete Text Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the yearRead MoreAnalysis Of Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening1920 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening† By Robert Frost Commentary The poem, â€Å"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening,† by Robert Frost is about the speaker walking near the woods while snowing. Though deceptive in length because of the feeling of a dream or deep sleep, the poem is rather short with only 16 lines. Ultimately, Frost creates a tension throughout the whole poem between a near-silent sleep or dream state and inclination to face reality. The readers are being drawn into sleep with the speaker’sRead MoreAnalysis of Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening851 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Stopping by woods on a snowy evening Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is a very well know poem by Robert Frost. The poem appears to be very simple, but it has a hidden meaning to it. The simple words and rhyme scheme of the poem gives it an easy flow, which adds to the calmness of the poem. The rhyme scheme (aaba, bbcb, ccdc, dddd) and the rhythm (iambic tetrameter) give the poem a solid structure. The poem is about the speaker s experience of stopping by the dark woods in the winterRead MoreStopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesFrost poetry in my free time. A phrase within the fourth stanza of the poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, curiously mirrored the journey of Christine J. Walley, the author of the ethno-biography Exit Zero. â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark, and deep but I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep,† Frost writes. He presents the reader with a lone traveler trekking through the woods in search of answer. These woods display a level of co mplexion that may not be noticed by the everyday passerbyRead MoreAnalysis Of Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening1506 Words   |  7 Pageselements of human life within simple poetry. The fourth stanza of his poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, curiously mirrored the journey of Christine J. Walley, the author of the ethno-biography Exit Zero. â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark, and deep. But I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep,† Frost writes (Frost, 1923). He presents a lone traveler trekking through the woods in search of answers. These woods display a level of complexity that may not be noticed by the everyday passerby

Lying of Doctors to the Patients of ICU

Question: Describe about the Report for Lying of Doctors to the Patients of ICU? Answer: It is often a matter of debate that whether a physician should tell the truth to patient in order to relieve their anxieties and fears. Numerous arguments based on this context have been enlisted until date, which in turn denotes various parameters of human communication. Not telling the truth in a doctor-patient relationship often requires a special attention. This is mainly because the patients may be harmed to a greater scale. It can be clearly assumed that not only is the patient autonomous is undermines, but the patients who are not told the truth about a particular intervention might experience a loss of trust, which is often essential for healing purposes (Quill et al., 2015). Honesty plays a vital role in this entire interaction, which is often seemed to be manipulated by the health practitioners, particularly for the ICU patients. Based on the Classical Natural Law Tradition (initiating from Augustine and continuing with Aquinas) it can be stated that lying is a sin. However in the factor of medical parameter the factor of moral truth vs. epistemological intervention often seem to encounter to a huge scale by the medical professionals which tend to initiate the factor of uncertainties among the patients. The patients associated to the ICU units are often found to be in a state of bewilderment regarding the health care condition (Ford et al., 2013). This often hampers the medical condition for the patient to a huge extent. Based on the evidence of Doctor-Patient relationship, it can be clearly argued that it is not erroneous by the medical practitioners to hide the truth regarding improper prognosis or diagnosis. According to the famous Novel The Death of Ivan Illich by Leo Tolstoy, it can be clearly analyzed that lying was the right thing to do in several circumstances, which was related to patient- doctor relationship (Wade, 2015). One of the most famous line from the stated novel can be highlighted in order to support the argument, i.e. This deception tortured him--their not wishing to admit what they all knew and what he knew, but wanting to lie to him concerning his terrible condition, and wishing and forcing him to participate in that lie. Those lies--lies enacted over him on the eve of his death and destined to degrade this awful, solemn act to the level of their visiting, their curtains, their sturgeon for dinner--were a terrible agony for Ivan Ilych. Thus, from this quote it can be stated that Sigmund Freud paid effective attention to the subtleties of the patient- doctor relationship than almost any other physician. The author highlighted towards the damage which lying does to the doctor, to the therapeutic relationship and the medical professional. The demand for strict truthfulness from the patients of ICU often tends to jeopardize the entire authority. However, based on the clinical context, especially in ICU it can be clearly argued that this concept is wrong in most of the consequences. It can be assumed that less than full disclosure of all the negative possibilities, which might contribute to the actualizing of the possibilities. It can be often argued that since there are so many medical interventions available, it is obviously not wrong to disclose the truth to a patient when the motive of the medical practitioner is to justify continued intervention (Ubel, 2013). Moreover, in case of concerning ones own failures from the personal benefit of a medical practitioner, lying to a patient can be justified. Often it can be observed that the medical practitioners and nurses of the ICU tend to support truth-telling strategies, which seem to get displayed by a cruel venture to the patient. Thus, the parameter of intelligence, sensitivity, compassion and commitment need to be analyzed by the health practitioners. Moreover, when a patient is subjected to high tech tertiary care facility, such as ICCU then it is often observed that the medical practitioner often registers the issue of decisions making. Apart from the parameter of decision-making, the factor of choosing the right person for disclosing the consequence often becomes a challenging situation for the medical practitioner. Thus, on such scenario it can be argued that the truths need to be disclosed to a certain level unless there is no opportunity for the health practitioner to reveal the fact. Traditionally, it is observed that the doctor is alone responsible for all the communication. Thus, systemic handling of the communication parameter should be assessed in order to prevent from effective consequences. However, nowadays it is often observed that the social workers along with the nurses associated to the ICU department are found to be responsible for truthful communication with the patients and their family (Green, 2015). As most of the employees associated to the health care institutions are found bounded to institutional policies (which includes the Patients Bill of Rights), coordination of truth telling is also more of a problem. It can be stated that a professional obligation often tend to link the patients autonomy. In such a situation, the autonomists tend to refer to as full disclose of the consequence. It can be stated that this is not sufficient to tell only a partial truth. The radial associated to the patient autonomy focuses in eliminating the nurse or physical discretion or requires the fact that every fact should be revealed as only the patient can determine what s appropriate to the context. The other principles include non-malfeasance, beneficence and confidentiality need to be given minimal considerations into subordinate obligations. Often the autonomists insist regarding the full disclosure, which usually set aside questions about the uncertainties, which permeate the clinical context. Nevertheless, the medical diagnose along with the following therapeutic regimes rarely matter of the mathematical certainty. The psychiatric diagnoses of the ICU chamber tend to develop from the hypotheses which are then tested through the contusing symptom evaluation. These are carefully watched for the response of the therapeutic interventions. However, several questions still arises regarding the uncertainties of doctors and patients. The effective questions related to this context are as follows: Does every feasible hypothesis requires disclose to a patient? Is every bit of data about a disease or therapy to be considered information to be disclosed? On a general note, it can be argued that relative certainties along with realistic uncertainties tend to belong within the honest disclosure of the requirements. This is mainly due to the fact that they qualify as information which a reasonable and efficient person needs to know to manifest right health care decisions. However, the reasonable and efficient persons do not want full disclosure, even when the fact can be disclosed, or is feasible to disclose by the health professionals. This is required for prompt and effective decision-making in order to implement right health care decision. However, reasonable and significant person do not want full disclosure of the information, even when it is found to be feasible (Toombs, 2013). Thereby in such cases, telling the truth in the practice of clinical factor can be considered as an ethical obligation, but determining the factor which constitutes the truth needs clinical judgment. Autonomy cannot be the only principle, which needs to be involved (Donnelly Psirides, 2015). The factor of autonomy cannot be considered as the sole principle involved in this context. The truth need to be linked with the beneficence along with justice and protection of the community. The concept of ethics associated to a dying patient of ICU unit also needs to be analyzed significantly. It can be clearly stated that no one could pretend to speaker for every patient in every context, but on a general note, truth need not be disclosed. For example, when a patient suffering from cancer and admitted to ICU should be denied from attending any bad news regarding. Many argue that the patient should be informed about their health consequence, even if has a very fatal information (Christensen Probst, 2012). However, it can be stated that this might depress their moral to a huge extent, which is not appropriate at that time. The patient might resist from further diagnosis, due to mental retardation. Hence, it can be clearly argued that the truth should not be disclosed completely to such a patient who need significant medication program. Without the disclosure of the truth in a dying situation, patients are likely to be subjected to aggressive treatments which would turn the dying to a more painful, dehumanizing and expensive protocol. It is considered as a kind of a situation, which contributes towards the increasing support for the enthused movement. Most of the patients are found to be rightfully afraid regarding knowing the truth regarding their medical condition and therefore would die only after a futile interventions, dehumanizing isolation and protracted suffering. On the other hand, it can be clearly assumed that the benefits of being told truth may be considered substantial. An example of the situation is the improvement of pain management, improvised response therapies, etc. However, based on the above parameters regarding the positive aspects of disclosing the truth, one can clearly argue regarding its negative aspects, which is much more effective and significant. It can be analyzed that truth telling associated to every clinical context must be sensitive and thereby taken into consideration of patients personality along with patients clinical history. In the complex situation, it is quite difficult to draw a line between violation of truth and truth disclosure. Most of the reasons might be advances in order to justify the situation significantly. The medical practitioners to monitor the consequence can efficiently follow not telling the complete truth (Baggs et al., 2012). However, filtering the truth that needs to be disclosed and keeping confidential that needs to be assessed by the medical practitioner is significant in order to pursue effectiveness in decision-making. The factors of outright are rarely excusable. Something less than the full or th e factor of complete truth is almost inevitable. From this viewpoint, it can be stated that a reliable and dignified is not just goof at prescribing efficient medicine or has a decent approach, but also possess a good judgmental skill in deciding on the principle of truth telling, especially in the context of ICU critical patients. An efficient medical practitioner would definitely help in minimizing these parameters of uncertainties that are commonly found to be associated to the ICU patients by focusing on this principle of truth telling. Thus, a complete argument of the paper regarding the relationship of doctor and patient should be based on trust, and not be influenced by insensitive communication factors. References List Baggs, J. G., Schmitt, M. H., Prendergast, T. J., Norton, S. A., Sellers, C. R., Quinn, J. R., Press, N. (2012). Who is attending? End-of-life decision making in the intensive care unit.Journal of palliative medicine,15(1), 56-62. Christensen, M., Probst, B. (2015). Barbara's story: a thematic analysis of a relative's reflection of being in the intensive care unit.Nursing in critical care,20(2), 63-70. Donnelly, S. M., Psirides, A. (2015). Relatives and staffs experience of patients dying in ICU.QJM,108(12), 935-942. Ford, D. W., Koch, K. A., Ray, D. E., Selecky, P. A. (2013). Palliative and end-of-life care in lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.CHEST Journal,143(5_suppl), e498S-e512S. Goldacre, B. (2014).Bad pharma: how drug companies mislead doctors and harm patients. Macmillan. Green, D. (2015). An Assessment Of The Therapeutic Fib: The Ethical And Emotional Role Of Therapeutic Lying In The Caregiving Of Alzheimer's Disease Patients By Non-Medical Caregivers. Ilan, R., LeBaron, C. D., Christianson, M. K., Heyland, D. K., Day, A., Cohen, M. D. (2012). Handover patterns: an observational study of critical care physicians.BMC health services research,12(1), 1. Kalra, J., Kalra, N., Baniak, N. (2013). Medical error, disclosure and patient safety: A global view of quality care.Clinical biochemistry,46(13), 1161-1169. Karlsson, V., Bergbom, I. (2015). ICU professionals experiences of caring for conscious patients receiving MVT.Western journal of nursing research,37(3), 360-375. Peden-McAlpine, C., Liaschenko, J., Traudt, T., Gilmore-Szott, E. (2015). Constructing the story: How nurses work with families regarding withdrawal of aggressive treatment in ICUA narrative study.International journal of nursing studies,52(7), 1146-1156. Quill, C. M., Sussman, B. L., Quill, T. E. (2015). Palliative Care, Ethics, and the Law in the Intensive Care Unit.Critical care nursing clinics of North America,27(3), 383-394. Tembo, A. C., Higgins, I., Parker, V. (2015). The experience of communication difficulties in critically ill patients in and beyond intensive care: Findings from a larger phenomenological study.Intensive and Critical Care Nursing,31(3), 171-178. Toombs, S. K. (2013).The meaning of illness: A phenomenological account of the different perspectives of physician and patient(Vol. 42). Springer Science Business Media. Trankle, S. A. (2014). Is a good death possible in Australian critical and acute settings?: physician experiences with end-of-life care.BMC palliative care,13(1), 41. Ubel, P. A. (2013). Can Patients in the United States Become Savvy Health Care Consumers.NCL Rev.,92, 1749. Wade, D. M., Brewin, C. R., Howell, D. C., White, E., Mythen, M. G., Weinman, J. A. (2015). Intrusive memories of hallucinations and delusions in traumatized intensive care patients: An interview study.British journal of health psychology,20(3), 613-631.